Automatic two-speed drive



Jan. 9, 1951 J. HULMAN ET AL 2,537,057

AUTOMATIC TWO-SPEED DRIVE Filed Nov. 7, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 BY/VLAJM/a I film/WK M HTTOF/V/FYS Jan. 9, 1951 J. HULMAN ETAL AUTOMATICTWO-SPEED DRIVE 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Nov. 7, 1946 3 R 48 M mam Wmm w ZWM a w M T do 9 V. B

Jan. 9, 1951 J. HULMAN ET AL 2,537,057

AUTOMATIC TWO-SPEED DRIVE Filed Nov. 7, 1946 v 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 l5- ELINVENTOR5 JUL/05' m N can 4 500456 uef Wm 7M W Jan. 9, 1951 J. HULMANETAL 2,537,057

AUTOMATIC TWO-SPEED DRIVE Filed Nov. 7, 1946 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 IN V ENTORS JUL (/5 HUL/V/Y/Y mv/J CHEL L 590L678 J5.

M 0N0 WW5 M Jan. 9, 1951 J. HULMAN maul 2,537,057

AUTOMATIC TWO-SPEED DRIVE Filed Nov. 7, 194a 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTORJ'JUL/U5 h'l/L/74/V. 4ND c1941 4. :90 5e .12.

IQTTUE/VEYJ AND Patented Jan. 9, 1951 AUTOMATIC TWO-SPEED DRIVE JuliusHulman, Dayton, Ohio, and Oarl L.

Sadler, 1n, Swarthmore, Pa.

Application November I, 1946, Serial No. 708,372 9 (Cl. 74-810) (Grantedunder the act of March a, 1883. as

Claims.

amended April 30, 1928; 370 0. G- 757) The invention described hereinmay be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmentalpurposes without paymentto me of any royalty thereon.

This invention relates to power transmission gearing and particularly toa two speed gear set of the type wherein the ratios change automaticallywhen the output member becomes the input member and vice versa.

The starter generator, or its hydraulic counterpart the motor-pump, iscoming into use on the modern high speed power plant for aircraft andsince the starting cycle is completed before the engine has reachednearly its full speed, it becomes desirable to employ greater speedreduction between the engine and generator after the engine is startedthan is employed between the generator and engine during the startingperiod, which is just the opposite of what. is current auto motivepractice.

It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a gear mechanismparticularly adapted to the above use but which will be applicable toany situation which requires different gear ratios between two rotatableelements depending on which element is the driver and which is thedriven.

Another object is to provide a device wherein rotation of the drivingmember in either direction produces rotation of the driven member at thesame time or at a diflerent speed and in the same direction.

Another object is to provide a mechanism in which the driven member willfree wheel forwardly but will lockup against backward rotation.

Other objects and advantages will become evident from a consideration ofthe following description, considered with reference to the drawings,wherein Fig. 1 is an axial section through a simple form of my inventionwhich is particularly applicable where an electric starter-generator ora hydraulic motor-pump combination is to be employed for driving anengine at one-to-one ratioin starting but 'which will be driven by theengine at a greater speed reduction after the engine is started, thegearing being of the external spur type with countershaft.

Figs. 1a and 1b ar transverse sections taken at |ai a and lblbrespectively of Fig. for Fig. 3.

Fig. 2 is an axial section through another form of my invention which isintended for the same general purpose as the device shown in Fig. 1, butwherein planetary instead of external spur gearing is employed.

Fig. 2a is a transverse section taken at 2a2a of Fig. 2 or Fig. 4.

Fig. 3 is an axial section through an external spur gear mechanism madein accordance with my invention wherein the driven member is rotated inthe same direction by rotation of the driving member in either directionand wherein the driven member may overrun the driving member and thedriven member locks against backward rotation.

Fig. 4 is an axial section through another exempliflcation of myinvention which performs Referring to the drawing and more particularlyto Fig. 1, a housing l2 on one end has a mounting flange l4 and mountingstuds i6 whereby a starter-generator or a hydraulic motor-pumpcombination may be secured to one end of the 95 housing. A hearing headI8 is secured to the opposite end of the housing by appropriate means(not shown).

A hollow shaft 20, for present purposes of explanation, may be calledthe drive shaft, although it becomes the driven shaft under certainconditions in the operation of the device. Drive shaft 20 is rotatablein an antifriction bearing 22, the outer race 24 of which is supportedin the housing l2 and the inner race 26 of which is snugly fitted to theshaft 20.

A shaft 28, which may initially be the driven shaft but may become thedrive shaft during the course of operation, is coaxial with the shaft 20and has rotative support in an antifriction hearing 30, the outer race32 of which is supported in the bearing head l8 and the inner race 34 ofwhich is fitted to the shaft 28.

overrunning clutches 36 and 38 have their inner members 40 and 42 snuglyfitted to the shaft 20.

Spacers 44 separate the bearing and clutch parts.

A nut 48 and lock washer 48 clamp the inner members 26, 40, 42 togetherand against a head 58 on the end of the shaft 20. The shaft 20 isinternally splined at 52 to receive the driving member of thestarter-generator or motor-pump.

An externally toothed gear 54 is integral with the shaft 28 or may beotherwise secured thereto. A pocket on the inside of the gear 54receives the outer member 56 of the overrunning clutch 38. A secondexternally toothed gear 58 is carried on the outer member 60 of theoverrunning clutch 36. The overrunning clutch 86 is designed to drivewhen the inner member 48 is rotated anticlockwise or the outer member 68is rotated clockwise, while the overrunning clutch 36 is designed todrive when the inner member 42 is rotated clockwise or the outer member56 is rotated anticlockwise. When the term clockwise or anticlockwise isherein employed, it may be taken to mean clockwise or anticlockwise whenviewed from the right and looking toward the left of the drawing.

A countershaft 62 is rotatable in antifriction b arings 64 and 66, theouter race 68 of the bearing 64 being carried in the housing I2 and theouter race 18 of the bearing 66 being carried in the bearing head I8.The inner race 12 of the ..,hc.aring v64 is press fitted to the shaft62, the inner race 14 of the bearing 66 being additionally secured by anut 16 and lock washer 18. A cluster gear integral with the shaft 62consists of a small gear 88 and a somewhat larger gear 82 which meshrespectively with the gears 58 and 54. The countershaft B2 is hollowedas at 84 for lightness.

The operation of the gear mechanism shown in Fig. 1 is substantially asfollows:

Let it be assumed that a starter-generator is mounted on the flange I4and secured by means of nuts on studs I8 and that its drive shaft isengaged with the splines 52, and that an internal combustion engine isdrivably connected to the shaft 28.

Now let shaft 28 be rotated clockwise as when driven by the starter.Since the inner member 48 of overrunning clutch 36 drives the outermember 68 only upon anticlockwise rotation of said inner member, theclutch 36 will overrun. The inner member 42 of overrunning clutch 38,however, drives upon clockwise rotation. The gear 54, and consequentlythe shaft 28, will therefore be rotated at one to one ratio by the shaft20.

Now let shaft 28 be rotated clockwise as when driven by the engine.Since the outer member 56 of the overrunning clutch 36 drives only uponanticlockwise rotation, clutch 38 will overrun. Shaft 28, rotatingclockwise, will drive through gears 54, 82, 88 and 58 to the outermember 68 of overrunning clutch 36, which, rotating clockwise, willrotate the shaft 28 clockwise but at a speed below that of the shaft 28.

It will be seen that when the engine is being revolved by the starter,the ratio of starter to engine is one to one, but when the engine drivesthe generator, the ratio is somewhat less than one to one. Obviously,the size of the gears 54, 82, 88, and 58 may be altered so as to provida ratio of one to one or a ratio of more than one to one engine togenerator if so desired.

Referring to the drawing and more particularly to Fig. 2, a housing H2on one end has a mounting flange H4 and mounting studs H6 for securing astarter-generator or similar device. A bearing head H8 is secured to theopposite end of the housing by screws or similar means (not shown).

A hollow drive shaft I28, which may also become the driven shaft, isrotatable in an antifriction bearing I22, the outer race I24 of which issupported in the housing H2 and the inner race I26 of which is snuglyfitted to the shaft I28. A nut I28 and lockwasher I38 is provided forsecuring the bearing on the shaft. The shaft I28 is internally splinedas at I3I.

Coaxial with the drive shaft I28 is a ring gear I32 having an elongatedhollow hub I34 which is rotatably mounted in an antifriction bearingI36, the outer race I38 of which is supported in the bearing head I I8,the inner race I48 being snugly fitted to the hub I34. A one-way brakeI42 has its inner member I44 fitted to the hub I34, its outer member I46being supported in the bearing head IIB. Brake I42 is so constructedthat its inner member I44 may rotate clockwise, but not anticlockwise,as viewed from right to left on the drawing. A spacing ring I48separates the bearing I36 and the one-way brake I42. A nut I58 and lockwasher I52 clamps the bearing and brake together on the hub I34. A coverplate closes the end of the hub of the bearing head Coaxial with androtatably mounted within the elongated hub I34 is a driven shaft I56. Anantifriction bearing I58 has its outer race I68 fitted to the inside ofthe hub I34 and its inner race I62 fitted to the shaft I56. Anoverrunning clutch I64 has its outer member I66 fitted to the inside ofthe hub I34 and its inner member I68 fitted to the outside of the drivenshaft I56. A spacing tube I18 holds the bearing I58 and overrunningclutch I62 in position on the shaft I56. The clutch I64 is soconstructed and arranged that the outer member I66 must rotate clockwiseviewed from right to left to drive the inner member I68, but the innermember I68 must rotate anticlockwise to drive the outer member I66.

The inner end of the driven shaft I56 is provided integrally with a sungear I12 of equal face and in the same plane as the ring gear I32.Adjacent the ring and sun gearsI32 and I12 a planet pinion carrierflange I14 extends integrally from the driving shaft I28. Planet pinionsI16 are rotatable on studs I18 which are held in the carrier by nutsI88. The planet pinions I16 are permanently in mesh with both the sungear I12 and the ring gear I32.

The operation of the gear mechanism shown in Fig. 2 is substantially asfollows:

Let is be assumed that a starter-generator is mounted on the flange H4by means of nuts on studs H6, and that its drive shaft is engaged withthe splines I3l, and that an internal combustion engine is drivablyconnected to the shaft I56.

Now let shaft I28 be rotated clockwise as when driven b the starter.Since the load is on the driven shaft I56, the tendency will be forshaft I56 to remain nonrotative and for the carrier I14 to roll thepinions I16 clockwise around the sun gear I12 and thereby drive the ringgear clockwise at a faster speed than the carrier. The one-way brake I42would permit this but the overrunning clutch I84 will not permit thering gear I32 to revolve faster than the sun gear I12. The result willbe a one to one ratio from the drive shaft I28 to the driven shaft I56.

Now let shaft I56 be rotated clockwise as when driven by the engine.Since the inner member I68 of overrunning clutch I64 may overrun theouter member I66, the ring gear I32 cannot be driven through thisclutch. The load, however, is now on the driving shaft so that clockwiserotation of the sun gear I12 tends to rotate the ring gear I32anticlockwise. Ring gear I32, however, cannot rotate anticlockwisebecause of the one-way brake I42, whereby the shaft I28 is rotated bythe shaft I56 but at a reduced speed. The exemplification of theinvention shown in Fig. 2 therefore accomplishes the same purpose asthat shown in Fig. 1, but with different gearing differently arranged.

Referring now to Fig. 3 of the drawing, a housing 2l2 on one end has amounting flange 2H and studs 2" for attachment of an electric starter orlike device. A bearing head H8 is secured to the opposite end of thehousing by screws (not shown). I

A hollow drive shaft 2261s rotatable in an antifriction bearing 222, theouter race 224 of which is supported in the housing 2, and the innerrace 226 of which is snugly fitted to the shaft 226.

A driven shaft 228 is coaxial with the shaft 226 and has rotativesupport in an antifriction bearing 236, the outer race 232 of which issupported in the bearing head M8, and the inner race 234 of which isfitted to the shaft 228.

Overrunning clutches 236 and 238 have their inner members 246 and 242snugly fitted to the shaft 226. Spacers 244 separate the bearing andclutch parts. A nut 246 andlock washer248 clamp the inner members 226,246, 242 together against a head 256 on the end of the shaft 226. Theshaft 226 is internallv splined at 252 to receive the driving member ofa suitable power source.

An externally toothed gear 254 is integral with the shaft 228. A pocketon the inside of the gear 254 receives the outer member 256 of theoverrunning clutch 238. A second externally toothed gear 258 is carriedon the outer member 266 of the overrunnlng clutch 236. The overrunnlngclutch 236 is designed to drive when the inner m mber 246 is rotatedanticlockwise or the outer member 266 is rotated clockwise, while theoverrunning clutch 238 is designed to drive when the inner member 242 isrotated clockwise or the outer member 256 is rotated anticlockwise, allas viewed from right to left in the drawing.

- A countershaft 262 is rotatable in an antifriction bearing 266, theouter race 216 of which is carried in the bearing head 2l8. An idlershaft '2'" is rotatable in an antifriction bearing 264,

' cluster gear integral with the countershaft 262 consists of a smallgear 286 and a somewhat larger gear 282 which mesh respectively with thegears 258 and 254. A pinion 285 carried on the idler shaft 2H is inconstant mesh with the gears 286 and 258. The countershaft 262 may behollow d as at 284 for lightness.

The operation of the gear mechanism of Fig. 3 is substantially asfollows:

Let it be assumed that an electric starter, a hydraulic motor, or asimilar device has been mounted on the flange 2i 4 by means of nuts onstuds 2l6, and that its drive shaft is engaged with the splines 252 ofthe shaft 226.

Now let shaft 226 be rotated clockwise when viewed from right to left.Since the inner member 246 of the overrunnlng clutch 236 drives theouter member 266 only upon anticlockwise rotation of said inner member,the clutch 236 will overrun. The inner member 242 of overrunnlng clutch238, however, drives upon clockwise rotaclockwise, the clutch 238 willoverrlm and the gear 258 will be rotated anticlockwise, whereby theclutch 236 will overrun. Thus clockwise rotation of the driven shaft 228will not rotate the driving shaft 226. This makes this modificationparticularly applicable where a starter only instead of astarter-generator is to be employed.

Moreover, driven shaft 228 cannot be rotated anticlockwise, for, whileit attempts to drive the shaft 226 anticlockwise through the clutch 238,the gear 258 is now rotating clockwise, whereby it attempts t drive theshaft 226 clockwise through the overrunnlng clutch 236. The result isthat the driven shaft 228, in addition to free wheeling upon forwardrotation, also locks against backward rotation.

Referring to Fig. 4 of the drawing, a housing 312 on one 'end has amounting flange 3 and studs 3'6 for attachment of a starting unit. Abearing head 3l8 is secured to the opposite end of the housing by screws(not shown).

A hollow drive shaft 326 is rotatable in an antifriction bearing 322,the outer race 324 of which is supported in the housing 3| 2, and theinner race 326 of which is snugly fitted to the shaft 326. At the outerend a nut 328 and lock washer 336 is provided for securing the bearingon the shaft. A ring gear 332 is carried on a flange 334 at the innerend of the shaft. Shaft 326 is internally splined as at 336.

Coaxial with the drive shaft 326 is a planet pinion carrier 336 havingan elongated hollow hub 346 which is rotatably mounted in anantifriction bearing 342, the outer race 344 of which is supported inthe bearing head 3l8, the inner race 346 being snugly fitted to the hub346. A one-way brake 348 has its inner member 356 fitted to the hub 346,its outer member 352 being supported in the bearing head 3l8. Brake 348is so constructed that its inner member 356 may rotate clockwise but notanticlockwise, viewed from right to left in the drawing. A spacing ring354 separates the bearing 342 from the one-way brake 348. A nut 356 andlockwasher 358 clamp the bearing '342 and brake 348 together on the hub346. A cover plate 366 closes the end of the hub of the bearing head3I8.

Coaxial with and rotatably mounted within the elongated hub 346 is adriven shaft 362. An antifriction bearing 364 has. its outer race 366fitted to the inside of the hub 346 and its inner race 368 fitted to theshaft 362. An overrunnlng clutch 316 has its outer member 312 fitted tothe inside of the hub 346 and its inner member 314 fitted to the outsideof the driven shaft 362. Spacing tubes 316 and 318 position the bearing364 and clutch 316 on the shaft 362. The clutch 316 is so constructedand arranged that the outer member 312 must rotate'clockwise, viewedfrom right to left to drive the inner member 314, but the inner member314 must rotate anticlockwise to drive the'outer member 312.

The inner end of the driven shaft 362 is provided with an integral sungear 380. and the planet pinion carrier 338 is provided with studs 382which are held in the carrier by nuts 384. Planet pinions 386 are freelyrotatable on the studs 382, the pinions being of a size and positionedto be in constant mesh with both the sun gear 380 and the ring gear 332.

The operation of the gear mechanism shown in Fig. 4 is substantially asfollows:

Let it be assumed that an electric starter, a hydraulic motor, or asimilar device is mounted on the flange 3 by means of nuts on studs 3|8,and that its drive shaft is engaged with the splines 336 of the hollowdriving shaft 320, and that an internal combustion engine is drivablyconnected to the driven shaft 382.

Now let shaft 320 be rotated clockwise, as when it is being driven by astarter. Since the load on the shaft 362 tends to hold it and its sungear 380 against rotation, the ring gear 332 tends to roll the planetpinions 386 clockwise around the sun gear which would rotate the carrierclockwise. The carrier, however, cannot rotate clockwise without takingthe sun gear 380 with it because of the brake 318. Since the innermember of clutch 348 can rotate clockwise, the result is the carrier andthe sun gear rotate in unison and thereby produce a one to one driver todriven ratio.

Now rotate drive shaft 320 anticlockwise. The load is still on the shaft362, whereby the ring gear 332 will roll the pinions 386 anticlockwisearound the nonrotating sun gear taking the carrier anticlockwise, thecarrier, however, cannot rotate anticlockwise because of the brake 348,so the carrier remains nonrotative and the planet pinions become idlersthrough which the anticlockwise rotating ring gear 332 drives the sungear 380 and its shaft 362 clockwise at increased speed. It is now notedthat rotation of the drive shaft 320 in either direction drives thedriven shaft 362 in the same direction.

If driven shaft 362 becomes the driver, clutch 310 will overrun. Sincethe load will now be on the shaft 320, the clockwise rotating sun gear380 will roll the planet pinions 388 around the inside of the ring gear332, thereby rotating the carrier 338 clockwise. Since the brake 348does not oppose clockwise rotation of the carrier, no rotation will beimparted to the shaft 328, that is, the shaft 362 free wheels goingclockwise.

If an attempt is made to rotate the driven shaft 362 anticlockwise, theclutch 310 will take hold and try to rotate the carrier 338anticlockwise. The carrier 338, however, cannot rotate anticlockwisebecause of the brake 348. The shaft 362 therefore locks againstanticlockwise rotation.

It is noted that the exemplification shown in Fig. 4 performs the samefunctions as that shown in Fig. 3. but has different gearing which isdifferently arranged.

Throughout the descriptions of the several embodiments of the inventionherein shown, reference is made to clockwise and anticlockwisedirections of rotation. It will, however, be understood that it is onlynecessary to remove the several overrunning clutches and one-way brakes,turn them end for end and replace them whereby clockwise in thedescriptions will become anticlockwise and vice versa.

Having described several embodiments of our invention, theirconstruction and operation, we claim:

1. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember, a driven member, two overrunning clutches each having a drivingpart and a driven part, the driving parts being fast on the drivingmember, the driving .l/ part of the first overrunning clutch beingconstructed and arranged to drive its driven part when the drivingmember rotates in one direction and the driving part of the secondoverrunning clutch being constructed and arranged to drive its drivenpart when the driving member rotates in the other direction, the drivenpart of the first overrunning clutch being fast on the driven member, agear on the driven member, a gear on the driven part of the secondoverrunning clutch, and gear means drivably connecting the two saidgears.

2. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember, a driven member, two overrunning clutches each having an innerpart and an outer part, the inner parts being fast on the drivingmember, the inner part of the first overrunning clutch being constructedand arranged to drive its outer part when the driving member rotates inone direction and the inner part of the second overrunning clutch beingconstructed and arranged to drive its outer part when the driving memberrotates in the other direction, the outer partof the first overunningclutch being fast on the driven member, a gear on the driven member, agear on the outer part of the second overrunning clutch, and gear meansdrivably connecting the two said gears.

3. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember having a preselected direction of rotation and a dri en memberhaving the same direction of rotation, an overrunning clutch havingdriving and overrunning parts, the driving part being fast on thedriving member and the overrunning part fast on the driven memberwhereby the driving member may drive the driven member directly in thepreselected direction of rotation. a second overrunning clutch havingone part fast on the driving member but wherein the part which is faston the driving member may overrun its other part, a gear on the saidother part of said second overrunning clutch, a second gear on thedriven member, and gears drivably connecting the said second gear to thefirst said gear so constructed and arranged that rotation of the saidsecond gear by the driven member in the said preselected directionrotates the first said gear in the said preselected direction.

4. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember, a driven member, two overrunning clutches each having a drivingpart and a driven part, one part of each clutch being fast on thedriving member, the driving part of the first overrunning clutch beingconstructed and arranged to drive its driven part when the drivingmember rotates the driven member and the driving part of the secondoverrunning clutch being constructed and arranged to drive its drivenpart when the driven member rotates the driving member, the driven partof the first overrunning clutch being fast on the driven member, a gearon the driven member, a gear on the driving part of the secondoverrunning clutch, and gear means constructed and arranged to drivablyconnect the two said gears for rotation in the same direction.

5. In a power transmitting mechanism, the

combination of a driving member having a pre selected direction ofrotation, a driven member, an overrunning clutch having a driving and anoverrunning part, the driving part being fast on the driving member andthe overrunning part at a diflerent speed in the said preselecteddirection.

6. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember having a preselected direction of rotation, a driven member. anoverrunning clutch having a driving and an overrunning part, its drivingpart being fast on the driving member and its overrunning part fast onthe driven member, a second overrunning clutch having a driving and adriven part, the driven part being fast on the driving member and mayoverrun its driving part in the preselected direction, a gear on thedriven member, and speed reducing gear means drivably connecting thesaid driven member gear to the said driving part of said secondoverrunning clutch, so constructed and arranged that rotationof the saiddriven member gear by the driven member in the said preselecteddirection rotates the said driving member at a reduced speed in the saidpreselected direction.

7. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember, a driven member, an overrunning clutch having a driving part andan overrunningpart, the driving part being drivably connected to thedriving member to rotate therewith and the overrunning part beingdrivably connected to the driven member to rotate therewith, a secondoverrunning clutch havinga driving part and an overrunning part, theoverrunning part being drivably connected to the driving member torotate therewith, a gear drivably connected to the driving part of thesecond overrunning clutch, a second gear drivably connected to thedriven member, and gear means drivably connecting the said second gearto the first said gear.

8. In a power transmitting mechanism, the combination of a drivingmember, a driven member, an overrunning clutch having a driving part anda driven part, the driving part being fixed to the driving member forunitary rotation therewith and the driven part being adapted to overrunthe driving part, a second overrunning clutch having a driving part anda driven part, the driven part being fixed to the driving member forunitary rotation therewith, a gear fixed to the driving part of thesecond overrunning clutch, a second gear fixed to the driven member, andgear means drivably connecting the said second gear to the first saidgear.

9. In a power transmitting mechanism, the

combination of a driving member, a driven member, an overrunning clutchcomprising two coaxial annulae, one annulus being fast on the drivingmember and the other annulus being fast on the driven member and capableof overrunning the said one annulus in one direction of rotation of thedriving member, a second overrunning clutch also comprising two coaxialannulae, one of the annulae of the second overrunning clutch being faston the driving member and the second annulus of the second overrunningclutch being capable of overrunning the said one annulus of the secondoverrunning clutch in the other direction of rotation of the drivingmember, a gear fixed to the said second annulus oi the said secondoverrunning clutch, a second gear fixed to the driving member, and gearmeans drivably connecting the said second gear to the first said gear.

JULIUS HULMAN. CARL L. SADLER, Jn.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file ofthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 708,286 Wild, Jr. Sept. 2, 19021,080,642 McFarland Sept. 9, 1913 1,140,132 Dorsey May 18, 19151,235,046 Nikonow July 31, 1917 2,047,174 Baumgartner July 14, 1936

